Causes of Violence in Immigrant-Majority Cities in the UK
Introduction
On July 29th, a tragic event occurred in the town of Southport, Merseyside, where a British-African individual committed a heinous act of violence, stabbing three children to death. Nine other children were also injured, six of whom were in critical condition, and two adults sustained serious injuries. This incident shocked the nation and triggered widespread outrage. However, the situation escalated further due to the rapid spread of misinformation online.
Shortly after the attack, false claims began circulating on social media platforms such as X (formerly known as Twitter), Telegram, and TikTok. These posts falsely identified the suspect as Ali Al Shakati, a Muslim immigrant who had supposedly entered the UK illegally in 2023. Despite being unverified, this misinformation quickly gained traction, stoking existing tensions within the community.
The day after the incident, violence erupted in Southport, exacerbated by the false narratives being spread online. Groups, many of whom were not local to the area, began to target the police and local Muslim communities. They hurled bricks, set fires, and threw bottles at a local mosque, resulting in more than 50 police officers being injured. The violence soon spread to a few other cities though the riots were not as widespread as initially feared.
How and Why Immigrants came to the UK?
Immigration is a universal and historical phenomenon that began when the first humans migrated out of Africa, marking the start of a continuous movement of people across the globe. This process has never ceased, evolving as different regions experienced waves of emigration and immigration. For instance, there was a period when Europeans migrated in large numbers to their colonies, establishing a pattern that has been repeated throughout history.
The post-World War II immigration into Europe is largely a consequence of colonial practices that impoverished the colonies while enriching the colonial powers. This mass-scale migration is driven by a combination of push factors — such as poverty and conflict in the former colonies — and pull factors, including economic opportunities in Europe. The legacy of colonialism created an imbalance that continues to shape global migration patterns today.
The recent surge in violence and anti-immigrant sentiment in the UK, particularly against Muslim communities, is deeply tied to the country’s complex history of immigration and labour. Post-World War II, the UK faced significant labour shortages and actively encouraged immigration from its former colonies, including the Caribbean, South Asia, and Africa. This was crucial for rebuilding the economy, and immigrants were employed in low-paying jobs in manufacturing, construction, and public services. The arrival of the Windrush generation is a notable example of this policy.
These immigrants played a vital role in revitalising the UK economy, taking on essential but undesirable jobs such as bus drivers, nurses, and factory workers. Despite their significant contributions, they often faced hostility and discrimination. Over time, as these immigrants established communities and settled in cities like Birmingham, Manchester, and London, their descendants improved their socio-economic status, largely through education and perseverance.
History of Anti-immigration Violence in the UK
Anti-immigration protests and racial violence are not new phenomena in the UK; they have a deep and troubling history dating back to the late 1960s. This period was marked by Enoch Powell’s infamous “Rivers of Blood” speech, which ignited widespread fear and division over the impact of immigration on British society. Since then, the UK has experienced sporadic episodes of racial unrest and protests, often fuelled by tensions between immigrant communities and segments of the native population.
However, unlike previous instances, the recent surge of violence has been not only more widespread but also significantly more violent, reflecting deeper social fractures and escalating tensions within the country. This wave of violence was seen as a tipping point, but it was underpinned by deeper, long-standing issues within British society. The Southport incident and subsequent violence can be attributed to seven main underlying causes:
1. Worsening Economic Conditions
The recent outbreak of racial violence in the UK, especially in immigrant-majority cities, must be understood within the context of the country’s deteriorating economic conditions. The UK’s economic stress, intensified by its exit from the European Union (EU), has exacerbated existing tensions and heightened resentment towards immigrants, who are perceived as competitors for limited jobs and public resources.
Since Brexit, the UK’s economic growth has significantly slowed. Data from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) shows that annual GDP growth averaged just 1.5% between 2016 and 2023, a marked decrease from the 2.1% average in the three years preceding the referendum. The uncertainty surrounding Brexit and the disruption of trade and investment have dampened economic activity.
Business investment has also suffered. From 2016 to 2020, investment grew by only 2%, compared to 16% in the previous four years. New trade barriers between the UK and the EU have led to decreased trade volumes, with exports to the EU falling by about 14% and imports by 18% in the first year post-Brexit. Additionally, the end of free movement has resulted in labour shortages in key sectors, driving up costs and contributing to supply chain disruptions.
Despite the Bank of England’s efforts to control inflation, the UK has faced a severe cost of living crisis. Rising energy prices, combined with stagnant real wages and a decline in purchasing power, have made essentials harder to afford. Real wage growth between 2010 and 2020 was only 0.6% annually, compared to 1.5% in the previous decade.
Economic insecurity has fuelled resentment towards immigrants, who are often viewed as competitors for scarce resources. Although the official unemployment rate is around 4%, underemployment and job insecurity have risen, with many workers on precarious zero-hours contracts. Immigrants, particularly those accepting lower wages, are seen as a threat to job security for native workers.
The UK also faces a severe housing shortage, exacerbated by high demand in urban areas. The influx of immigrants has intensified this demand, driving up rents and property prices, and contributing to the perception that immigrants are worsening the housing crisis. Public services, including healthcare, education, and social housing, have been stretched thin by budget cuts and increased demand, with some believing that immigrants are overburdening these services, despite their contributions to the economy and public sector.
2. Islamophobia
While the UK has a reputation for multiculturalism and tolerance, Islamophobia remains deeply ingrained in society. The recent violence following the Southport incident, driven by false claims about the attacker being a Muslim immigrant, underscores the pervasive anti-Muslim sentiment that divides British society and has broader implications across Europe.
Islamophobia is a multifaceted issue, rooted in historical, political, social, and economic factors. The legacy of European colonialism has contributed to lingering racial and religious prejudices against Muslims. Additionally, the rise of global terrorism, especially post-9/11, has unfairly stigmatized Muslims due to the actions of extremist groups. Media portrayals and political rhetoric often conflate radical elements with mainstream Islam, further fueling prejudice.
Populist political leaders in Europe have exploited Islamophobia to gain support, framing Muslims as threats to national identity and security. This rhetoric has normalized anti-Muslim attitudes in public discourse. Cultural and religious differences between Muslim communities and the broader population also play a role, with practices like wearing the hijab and observing Islamic customs sometimes viewed as signs of non-assimilation.
Economic insecurity has exacerbated Islamophobia, with economic hardship often leading to the scapegoating of minority groups, including Muslims, as competitors for jobs and resources. This is reflected in discrimination in the job market and education, as well as social exclusion in segregated neighbourhoods.
Both traditional and social media contribute to Islamophobia through negative portrayals and the spread of hate speech. Muslims face physical and verbal attacks, including vandalism and assaults, creating an atmosphere of fear. Institutional Islamophobia is also evident in policies like counter-terrorism measures that disproportionately target Muslims and laws banning religious symbols.
Islamophobia in the UK and Europe is a significant and growing issue, reflecting deep-seated prejudices and exacerbated by media, political, and economic factors. While the violence in Southport is an extreme example, it highlights the broader and persistent issue of anti-Muslim sentiment in daily life.
3. Tall Poppy Syndrome
One of the main reasons for the recent surge in anti-immigration violence can be attributed to what psychologists refer to as Tall Poppy Syndrome. This phenomenon occurs when people resent or undermine those who rise above their perceived station, particularly those from the underclass. In the context of immigration, this manifests as hostility towards immigrants who have succeeded in improving their socio-economic status, sometimes surpassing that of native residents. Over time, as immigrant communities have established themselves in cities like Birmingham, Manchester, and London, their descendants have climbed the social ladder through education and perseverance, leading to noticeable socio-economic advancements.
The second and third generations of these immigrants have increasingly pursued higher education and entered prestigious professions such as medicine, law, and engineering. This upward mobility has sparked resentment among some native Britons, who perceive immigrants as competitors for high-paying jobs and resources. Economic uncertainties, particularly those exacerbated by Brexit, have heightened these insecurities, making the success of immigrant communities more conspicuous and contentious.
As immigrants and their descendants have moved into middle and upper-middle-class neighbourhoods, tensions have escalated, fueled by the mistaken belief that immigrants disproportionately benefit from public resources like housing and healthcare. In reality, evidence shows that immigrants contribute more in taxes than they receive in services, but economic challenges following Brexit — such as slow growth, labour shortages, and inflation — have intensified anxieties, leading to immigrants being unfairly scapegoated for broader economic issues.
4. The Failure of Integration
The challenge of integrating immigrant communities into mainstream British society has been a persistent issue, and recent tensions reflect a broader crisis of confidence. While many immigrants and their descendants have made substantial efforts to integrate, some have struggled to assimilate, particularly within certain segments of the British Muslim population. This difficulty in integration has fuelled mistrust and division between communities.
A strong sense of cultural and religious identity among British Muslims, especially those from immigrant backgrounds, has contributed to this issue. Many maintain close-knit communities that emphasize Islamic traditions, which, while preserving cultural heritage, can lead to a degree of separation from the broader society. This separation is often exacerbated by difficulties in reconciling religious practices with secular norms, resulting in limited interaction between Muslim and non-Muslim Britons. Such isolation fosters misunderstandings and reinforces stereotypes.
Identity politics has further complicated integration efforts. In response to perceived discrimination, some Muslim communities have emphasized their distinct religious identity, sometimes resisting assimilation and focusing on maintaining separate cultural practices. This emphasis can create barriers to social cohesion, as it may be perceived as a refusal to integrate into the national culture.
A contentious aspect of the integration debate involves the advocacy by a small minority within the Muslim community for the adoption of Sharia law in the UK. While most British Muslims practice their faith peacefully, calls for Sharia law are seen as attempts to undermine the secular legal system and democratic values of the UK. This advocacy not only alienates the broader population but also intensifies fears and misconceptions about Islam, contributing to the rise of Islamophobia.
The failure to integrate has led to an erosion of trust between communities. Perceptions of non-assimilation or attempts to impose religious values on a secular society foster suspicion and resentment. This distrust is particularly damaging in a multicultural society where mutual respect is crucial for social harmony.
Social segregation has also increased, with some areas experiencing parallel societies where Muslims and non-Muslims have limited interaction. This segregation reinforces stereotypes and prejudices, making it harder for communities to build a shared national identity. Additionally, perceptions of double standards, where some believe that Muslim communities expect accommodations for their practices that conflict with secular norms, can provoke backlash and further division.
5. The Role of Media and Social Media
The impact of media and social media on public perception has become increasingly significant, particularly in times of crisis. The recent violence in the UK underscores how these platforms can dangerously amplify misinformation and exacerbate social tensions. Following the stabbing incident in Southport, where a British-African individual was involved in a tragic attack, misinformation quickly spread on social media platforms. Unverified claims falsely identified the attacker as a Muslim immigrant sparking public outrage and fear. The rapid spread of these false reports was fuelled by the emotional reactions they evoked and the algorithms that promote such content on social media.
Traditional media outlets also contributed to the escalation by reporting on social media speculation without proper fact-checking. This rush to cover the story and attract viewership led to a lack of critical scrutiny and further validated the false narrative. As misinformation spread, it incited real-world violence, with protests and riots breaking out in Southport and other areas, leading to significant damage and injuries.
Social media’s nature — where information is shared rapidly without verification — fueled a mob mentality. Anonymity and emotional reactions amplified extreme views and organized violent responses, which might not have occurred in a more regulated environment. The cycle of misinformation continued as traditional media picked up these narratives, creating a feedback loop that distorted reality and polarized public opinion.
The role of media and social media in this violence highlights a dangerous cycle where false information quickly escalates into real-world consequences. Algorithms that prioritize sensational content contribute to this problem, making it challenging for accurate information to break through and erode public trust in both media forms. Addressing this issue requires better fact-checking, responsible reporting, and a critical approach to consuming information.
6. The Rise of the Far Right
Another significant factor contributing to the recent surge of violence in some immigrant-majority areas of the UK is the rise of far-right movements across Europe. These movements have deep historical roots, often tied to nationalism, xenophobia, and a desire to preserve a perceived traditional cultural identity. In recent years, immigration has become the primary target for far-right groups to channel their anger and frustration.
The far right’s growing influence has been fueled by several factors, including economic insecurities, cultural anxieties, and a perceived loss of national sovereignty. Many far-right supporters believe that immigrants are threatening their way of life, taking jobs, and straining public services. This sentiment has been exacerbated by sensationalist media coverage and political rhetoric that frames immigrants as a problem rather than a resource.
In the most recent elections, far-right parties failed to secure a significant number of seats, which they attribute to the votes of immigrant communities. They believe that it was these votes that tilted the balance in favor of the left-of-center Labour Party, deepening their resentment towards immigrants. This perceived electoral defeat has intensified their hostility, leading to an increase in anti-immigrant rhetoric and, in some cases, violent actions.
The rise of the far right, combined with their focus on immigration as a scapegoat for broader societal issues, has contributed to the polarization and unrest seen in some UK communities. Their narrative of exclusion and division further complicates efforts to build social cohesion and address the root causes of violence. As far-right groups continue to grow in influence, their impact on social stability and intercommunity relations in the UK remains a significant concern.
7. Leadership Capacity Deficit
The recent violence in the UK has exposed a significant deficit in leadership, highlighting the inability of contemporary political figures to address the country’s complex social and economic challenges. Historically, strong leaders like Churchill, known for his inspirational speeches during World War II, and Thatcher, who navigated economic upheavals in the late 20th century, played crucial roles in guiding the nation through difficult times.
They provided clear direction and managed to unite diverse segments of society despite their controversial policies. In contrast, current leaders have been criticized for their failure to address economic inequalities, racial tensions, and the impacts of Brexit, leading to a fragmented political landscape with little coherent policy direction.
The absence of a unifying vision in today’s political climate has exacerbated social and economic divides. Leaders have struggled to offer an inspiring narrative that resonates with the public, leaving many feeling disconnected and directionless. This lack of vision has created a vacuum that can be filled by divisive rhetoric and extremist ideologies, contributing to an environment ripe for unrest.
The erosion of social cohesion is evident in the recent riots, which were fuelled by misinformation and deep-seated mistrust. Without effective leadership, such unrest becomes more normalized, and the frequency of riots and violence increases. The growing polarization of British society, driven by political fragmentation and amplified by media and social media, further complicates efforts to achieve consensus and address underlying issues.
To restore stability and address the root causes of discontent, the UK urgently needs strong and unifying leadership. This involves articulating a clear vision, fostering dialogue between different communities, and tackling economic inequality and discrimination. By bridging divides and promoting understanding, a capable leader can help rebuild trust and social cohesion, preventing future unrest and guiding the country through its current challenges.
Conclusion
The violence that erupted in Southport and spread to other areas was not merely a reaction to a single tragic event. It was the culmination of deep-seated economic, social, and political issues that have been festering in the UK for years. While the immediate spark was the misinformation surrounding the Southport attack, the real causes of the violence are far more complex and rooted in the broader challenges facing British society today.
Addressing these issues will require not only a commitment to combating misinformation and Islamophobia but also a broader effort to tackle the economic and social inequalities that fuel resentment and division. Without strong leadership and a concerted effort to bridge these divides, the potential for further unrest remains a pressing concern.
From the ebook “International Relations: Basic Concepts & Global Issues: 2nd Edition”, published by Amazon and available at
