7 FEATURES OF THE ISLAMIC STATE

What is an Islamic State

A loose translation of the Arabic word “Dawlah Islamiyyah”, an Islamic state can be defined as a form of government run by Islamic law. It has been used to describe various historical polities & theories of governance in the Islamic world

The concept of the modern Islamic state has been articulated and promoted by ideologues such as Sayyid Rashid Rida, Mohammed Omar, Abul A’la Maududi, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, Israr Ahmed, Sayyid Qutb, and Hassan al-Banna.

Historical Stages of Islamic State

The history of the Islamic state unfolds through six distinct stages, each reflecting significant developments in its political, social, and cultural evolution as outlined by Majid Khadduri.

1. City-state (622–632): This period marks the inception of the Islamic state with the establishment of the city-state of Medina by Prophet Muhammad. It served as the foundational stage where Islamic principles of governance were established, including the implementation of Sharia, the formation of alliances, and the organization of the community around the nascent Muslim ummah.
2. Imperial (632–750): Following the death of Prophet Muhammad, the Islamic state rapidly expanded during the period known as the imperial phase. Under the leadership of the Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates, the Islamic state extended its influence across vast territories, including the Arabian Peninsula, North Africa, the Levant, Persia, and parts of Europe.
3. Universal (c. 750–900): The universal phase represents the zenith of the Islamic empire, characterized by cultural, scientific, and economic flourishing. The Abbasid Caliphate, centred in Baghdad, oversaw a golden age of Islamic civilization, marked by advancements in astronomy, medicine, philosophy, and architecture. The Islamic empire reached unprecedented levels of prosperity and cultural exchange, encompassing diverse regions and peoples.
4. Decentralization (c. 900–1500): The decentralization phase saw the fragmentation of the Islamic empire into regional dynasties and caliphates. Political power became decentralized, leading to the emergence of various ruling dynasties such as the Fatimids, Seljuks, Mamluks, and Ottomans. While some regions experienced periods of stability and prosperity, others faced internal strife and external invasions.
5. Fragmentation (c. 1500–1918): The fragmentation phase marks a period of decline for the Islamic empires amidst the rise of European colonialism and imperialism. Islamic territories came under increasing pressure from European powers seeking to expand their influence and control. This era witnessed the dismantling of the Ottoman Empire, the colonization of North Africa and the Middle East, and the loss of political sovereignty for many Islamic regions.
6. Nation states (1918–present): The contemporary period is characterized by the formation of independent nation-states across the Islamic world. Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the end of colonial rule, many Muslim-majority countries gained independence and established modern nation-states. This era is marked by efforts to reconcile Islamic traditions with modern governance structures, challenges of nation-building, and the quest for political stability, economic development, and social progress.

Thus, the history of the Islamic state unfolds through these six stages, each representing a distinctive phase in its development from its origins as a city-state to its evolution into a contemporary nation-states. These stages reflect the complex interplay of political, cultural, and historical forces that have shaped the Islamic world over centuries, contributing to its rich and diverse heritage.

Seven Features of the Ideal Islamic State

(My Seven Ss Model)

A. Sovereignty of Allah

B. Sharia-based statecraft

C.Shura-based government

D. Seerat of Rulers

E. Salvation of Individuals

F. Sacredness of Power as a Trust

G. Sulah-qul-Peace at home and abroad

Let me explain them in a bit of detail

A. Sovereignty of Allah

The principle of the Sovereignty of Allah in the Islamic state is a fundamental tenet that underscores the ultimate authority and dominion of the divine over all aspects of governance and human affairs. This principle, deeply rooted in Islamic theology and jurisprudence, emphasizes that all power and authority ultimately emanate from Allah and are subject to His divine will and guidance.

It is crucial to understand that the concept of sovereignty in Islam differs from conventional notions of state sovereignty found in secular political systems. In an Islamic framework, sovereignty is not vested in any human entity or institution, but rather in Allah alone. This perspective transcends the limitations of temporal power and emphasizes the divine origins of authority.

Within the context of governance, the Sovereignty of Allah is manifested through the implementation of Sharia, which serves as the divine law governing all aspects of individual and collective life. Sharia, derived from the Quran and the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), provides a comprehensive framework for ethical conduct, social justice, and governance by the will of Allah.

In practical terms, the exercise of sovereignty in an Islamic state involves the application of Sharia principles by those entrusted with leadership and governance. This includes upholding justice, promoting social welfare, protecting individual rights, and fostering moral and spiritual development within society. Leaders in an Islamic state are expected to govern under the principles of justice, compassion, and righteousness, thereby ensuring that their actions are consistent with the divine mandate of sovereignty.

Moreover, the principle of the Sovereignty of Allah serves as a reminder to those in positions of authority that their power is not absolute but is subject to divine accountability. Leaders are seen as custodians of authority, accountable to both Allah and the people whom they serve. This accountability underscores the importance of humility, integrity, and ethical conduct in governance, as leaders are ultimately answerable for their actions in the Hereafter.

B. Sharia-based Statecraft

Sharia-based statecraft in an Islamic state refers to the governance and administration of the state by Islamic principles derived from Sharia, the divine law of Islam. This approach entails a comprehensive integration of Sharia into the legal and political framework of the state, to ensure that laws and policies are guided by Islamic teachings and values.

Expanding on this concept, it is important to note that Sharia-based statecraft emphasizes the codification of Sharia principles into the legal system of the state. This involves enacting legislation that is consistent with Islamic ethics and jurisprudence, and ensuring that these laws are implemented rigorously and impartially. The objective is to create a legal and regulatory environment that reflects the moral and ethical framework of Islam, thereby promoting justice, equity, and social welfare within society.

However, it is essential to address two key points regarding Sharia-based statecraft to dispel common misconceptions:

1. Not a Theocracy: Sharia-based statecraft does not imply a theocratic form of governance wherein religious clerics hold political power or dominate the state apparatus. Rather, it involves a system of governance where political authority is vested in elected or appointed leaders who are responsible for upholding Sharia and implementing its principles within the framework of a constitutional order. While Islamic principles guide legislation and policy-making, the state operates within a structured system of governance that includes checks and balances, separation of powers, and mechanisms for accountability.
2. Application of Sharia Laws: Sharia-based statecraft recognizes the distinction between the personal and public spheres of life. While Muslim citizens are subject to certain aspects of Sharia law, such as the Sharia Penal Code (Hudud, Qisas, and Ta’zir), non-Muslim citizens are not bound by these specific legal provisions. Instead, they enjoy the freedom to practice their religious beliefs and are afforded full protection by the state, as enshrined in the principles of religious freedom and equality before the law. This ensures that the rights and freedoms of all citizens, regardless of their religious affiliation, are respected and upheld within the legal framework of the Islamic state.

C. Shura-based Governance System

Shura-based governance system in an Islamic state refers to a principle where consultation, deliberation, and collective decision-making play a central role in the administration of state affairs. This principle draws upon the concept of Shura, which means consultation or mutual deliberation, as outlined in the Quran and the Sunnah (traditions) of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).

A Shura-based governance system in an Islamic state encompasses several key elements:

1. Selection of Consultative Body: A group of pious and knowledgeable Muslims, recognized for their integrity and wisdom within the Muslim community, are chosen to participate in the consultative process. These individuals are entrusted with the responsibility of advising the leadership and deliberating on matters of public interest.
2. Focus on Public Interest (Maslahah Ammah): The issues brought forward for consultation are those that concern the broader public interest and welfare of society rather than individual or narrow interests.
3. Leadership and Decision-Making: Within the consultative body, a leader is elected or appointed to facilitate the meetings and guide the deliberative process. However, this leader’s role is not dictatorial; rather, they serve to moderate discussions and ensure that all voices are heard.
4. Guidance from Quran and Sunnah: The consultation process is guided by the principles and values enshrined in the Quran and the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). These sacred sources provide the ethical and moral framework within which decisions are made.
5. Mushawarah and Mudhakarah: Consultation takes place through mutual discussion (mushawarah) and deliberation (mudhakarah), where participants exchange ideas, analyze implications, and weigh alternatives before reaching a consensus.
6. Fair Opportunity for Participation: All members of the consultative body are given equal opportunities to voice their opinions, irrespective of their status or background. This ensures inclusivity and broadens the range of perspectives considered in decision-making.
7. Majority Decision with Quranic and Sunnah Compliance: While decisions are generally made by consensus, the principle of majority rule is accepted, provided that it aligns with the teachings of the Quran and Sunnah. Decisions must not contradict Islamic principles or values.
8. Use of Sources for Decision-making: Decision-making in the consultative process is guided by six sliding scale sources, including the Holy Quran, Ahadis (Prophetic traditions), examples set by the righteous Caliphs, collective consensus (Ijtemah), analogical reasoning (Qiayse), and independent legal reasoning (Ijtihad).

Consequently, a Shura-based governance system in an Islamic state embodies the principles of consultation, inclusivity, and collective decision-making guided by Islamic teachings. By adhering to these principles, Islamic states aim to promote participatory democracy, accountability, and the pursuit of public welfare within the framework of Islamic ethics and values.

D. Seerat(Pious Conduct)of Rulers as their Legitimacy to Govern

The concept of Seerat, or pious conduct, of rulers as their legitimacy to govern in an Islamic state underscores the importance of moral integrity, ethical behaviour, and adherence to Islamic principles as essential qualities for those in positions of leadership. This principle emphasizes that the legitimacy of rulers in an Islamic state is not solely based on formal structures and procedures of governance but is fundamentally rooted in their personal conduct and adherence to divine law.

The Seerat of Rulers encompasses several key aspects:

1. Moral Integrity and Ethical Behavior: Rulers in an Islamic state are expected to demonstrate exemplary moral character and uphold high ethical standards in their personal and public conduct. This includes honesty, justice, humility, compassion, and accountability in their dealings with both citizens and fellow members of the government.
2. Adherence to Islamic Principles: Rulers are expected to govern by the principles and values outlined in the Quran and the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). This entails upholding justice, promoting social welfare, protecting individual rights, and fostering moral and spiritual development within society.
3. Trust and Obedience: Citizens in an Islamic state are encouraged to render their obedience and trust to the leadership as long as the rulers uphold and implement Allah’s laws. This trust is contingent upon the rulers’ commitment to governing under Islamic principles and serving the best interests of the people.
4. Accountability to Allah: Rulers are reminded of their ultimate accountability to Allah for their actions and decisions. They are entrusted with authority as a means of serving and fulfilling the divine mandate of promoting justice, righteousness, and the well-being of society. Any deviation from this responsibility may lead to the loss of legitimacy in the eyes of both Allah and the people.
5. Right to Remove Unjust Rulers: Should rulers deviate from the path of righteousness and fail to abide by Allah’s law, citizens are entitled to take appropriate measures to hold them accountable or remove them from power. This principle highlights the importance of checks and balances within the governance structure of an Islamic state, where the well-being of society takes precedence over the interests of individual rulers.

Thus, the Seerat of rulers as their legitimacy to rule in an Islamic state underscores the primacy of moral integrity, adherence to Islamic principles, and accountability to Allah in governance. By embodying these qualities and upholding the trust and obedience of the citizens, rulers ensure the legitimacy of their leadership and contribute to the well-being and prosperity of the society they serve.

E. Salvation of Individuals

The principle of the salvation of individuals as the aim of the state in an Islamic context underscores the broader goal of fostering an environment that facilitates the spiritual growth and ultimate salvation of its citizens. This principle emphasizes the holistic development of individuals, encompassing both their worldly and spiritual dimensions, within the framework of Islamic teachings.

Expanding upon this concept, several key aspects emerge:

1. Spiritual Growth and Salvation: The primary aim of the state in an Islamic context is to create conditions conducive to individuals’ spiritual growth and attainment of salvation. This involves encouraging citizens to lead righteous lives by the teachings of the Quran and the Sunnah, thereby nurturing their spiritual well-being and facilitating their journey towards salvation in the Hereafter.
2. Balance between Worldly and Spiritual Pursuits: An Islamic state recognizes the importance of striking a balance between worldly responsibilities and spiritual pursuits. While addressing the material needs and welfare of its citizens, the state also places a strong emphasis on nurturing their spiritual development and moral character. This balance ensures that individuals are equipped to lead fulfilling lives that encompass both temporal success and spiritual fulfillment.
3. Interdependence between State and Individuals: In the Islamic worldview, the state and individuals are interdependent entities, with each contributing to the well-being and progress of the other. The state provides the necessary infrastructure, support, and guidance for individuals to flourish spiritually, while individuals, through their moral conduct and contributions to society, enrich the fabric of the state and contribute to its overall prosperity.
4. Inner Worth of Individuals: Allama Iqbal’s political philosophy highlights the intrinsic connection between the inner worth of individuals and the progress of the state. According to Iqbal, individuals cannot realize their spiritual potential without the support and conducive environment provided by the state. Likewise, the state cannot achieve its goals and make progress without the inner worth and moral integrity of its citizens. This underscores the symbiotic relationship between the state and individuals in fostering spiritual growth and societal progress.
5. Collective Responsibility for Spiritual Well-being: In an Islamic state, there is a collective responsibility among citizens to support and encourage one another in their spiritual journey. This sense of communal obligation fosters a supportive environment where individuals can seek guidance, practice their faith, and engage in acts of worship and devotion.

the principle of the salvation of individuals as the aim of the state in an Islamic context underscores the holistic vision of governance, which prioritizes the spiritual well-being and ultimate salvation of its citizens alongside their material welfare. By fostering an environment that nurtures spiritual growth, moral character, and ethical conduct, an Islamic state seeks to fulfill its duty in facilitating the journey of its citizens towards spiritual fulfillment and eternal salvation.

F. Sacredness of power as a Trust

The concept of power as a sacred trust reposed in rulers in an Islamic state is rooted in the belief that authority and governance are not absolute privileges but rather responsibilities entrusted by Allah to those in positions of leadership. This principle emphasizes that power, like wealth and other blessings, is bestowed upon individuals as a divine trust (amanah) and entails a duty to use it responsibly for the betterment of society and to follow the principles of Islam.

Expanding upon this concept, several key aspects emerge:

1. Divine Vicegerency: In Islamic theology, human beings are regarded as vicegerents (khalifah) of Allah on earth, entrusted with the stewardship of His creation. Rulers, as representatives of authority, are seen as fulfilling this role and are expected to govern with integrity, justice, and compassion, reflecting the divine attributes of mercy and wisdom.
2. Establishing Islam: Rulers in an Islamic state are entrusted with the task of establishing Islam as the cardinal principle of statecraft. This involves promoting and upholding Islamic values, principles, and teachings in all aspects of governance, including legislation, administration, and public policy.
3. Good Governance: Rulers have a responsibility to ensure that the state serves as a model of good governance, characterized by the rule of law, accountability, transparency, and efficiency. They are tasked with creating an environment where justice prevails, rights are protected, and opportunities for development and prosperity are accessible to all members of society.
4. Rule of Law and Equality: Rulers are obligated to uphold the rule of law and ensure equality before the law for all citizens, regardless of their social status, ethnicity, or religious affiliation. This entails creating and implementing laws and policies that safeguard the rights and dignity of every individual and promote social justice and harmony within society.
5. Quality of Life: Rulers are responsible for ensuring the overall well-being and quality of life of their citizens. This includes providing essential services such as education, healthcare, infrastructure, and social welfare programs to meet the basic needs of the population and improve their standard of living.
6. Transparency and Accountability: Citizens possess the right to demand transparency and accountability from their leaders at all levels of governance. Rulers are accountable to the people for their actions and decisions, and they should govern with transparency, openness, and responsiveness to the needs and concerns of the population.

The principle of power as a sacred trust reposed in rulers in an Islamic state underscores the ethical and moral dimensions of governance, emphasizing the responsibility of leaders to govern with integrity, justice, and compassion. By recognizing power as a divine trust, rulers are reminded of their duty to serve the best interests of society and uphold the principles of Islam in their governance practices.

G. Sulah-qul-Peace at home and abroad

The principle of Sulh-qul, or peace at home and abroad, in an Islamic state, emphasizes the importance of fostering harmony, stability, and peace both within the state’s borders and in its interactions with other nations. This principle reflects the broader Islamic teachings regarding the promotion of peace, justice, and mutual respect among individuals, communities, and nations.

Expanding upon this concept, several key aspects emerge:

1. Domestic Peace and Stability: An Islamic state prioritizes the maintenance of peace and stability within its own borders. This involves ensuring social cohesion, resolving conflicts through peaceful means, upholding the rule of law, and protecting the rights and security of its citizens. By fostering an environment of peace and tranquillity, the state creates the conditions for prosperity, development, and the well-being of its people.
2. Justice and Equality: Peace at home is closely linked to the principles of justice and equality. An Islamic state endeavours to establish a just and equitable society where the rights of all individuals, regardless of their background or beliefs, are respected and protected. This includes addressing grievances, addressing disparities, and promoting social cohesion through inclusive policies and programs.
3. Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution: In its interactions with other nations, an Islamic state is committed to promoting peace and stability on the regional and global levels. This involves engaging in diplomacy, negotiation, and dialogue to resolve conflicts and disputes through peaceful means. The state seeks to build constructive relationships based on mutual respect, cooperation, and understanding, while also advocating for justice and fairness in international affairs.
4. Humanitarian Responsibility: An Islamic state recognizes its humanitarian responsibility to alleviate suffering and promote peace in areas affected by conflict, oppression, or injustice. This may involve providing humanitarian aid, supporting peace-building efforts, and advocating for the rights of marginalized communities both domestically and internationally.
5. Prevention of Conflict and Extremism: An Islamic state is proactive in addressing the root causes of conflict and extremism, both within its own society and in the broader global context. This includes promoting education, tolerance, and dialogue to counter extremist ideologies and foster a culture of peace and moderation.
6. Global Engagement: An Islamic state actively engages with the international community to promote peace, security, and development. This may involve participating in regional and global forums, contributing to peacekeeping missions, supporting sustainable development initiatives, and advocating for the rights of oppressed communities worldwide.

Thus the principle of Sulh-qul, or peace at home and abroad, in an Islamic state underscores the importance of fostering peace, stability, and justice within society and promoting these values on the regional and global stages. By prioritizing peace as a guiding principle of governance, an Islamic state contributes to the well-being and prosperity of its citizens while also fulfilling its responsibilities as a member of the international community.

Conclusion

The seven features of an Islamic state outlined in this article collectively represent a comprehensive framework that embodies the principles and values of Islamic governance. From the commitment to Sharia as the divine law guiding all aspects of life to the emphasis on consultation-based governance and the sovereignty of Allah, these features underscore the foundational pillars upon which an Islamic state is built.

Moreover, the principles of ethical leadership, individual salvation, and the sacredness of power highlight the moral and spiritual dimensions inherent in governance, emphasizing the importance of upholding justice, integrity, and accountability in leadership. Additionally, the pursuit of peace, both domestically and internationally, reflects the Islamic imperative to promote harmony, stability, and mutual respect among individuals, communities, and nations.

Together, these features contribute to shaping the essence of an Islamic state, fostering a balance between religious principles and the welfare of society as a whole. By adhering to these principles, an Islamic state aspires to create an environment that nurtures spiritual growth, upholds justice, and promotes the well-being and prosperity of its citizens, while also contributing to the broader goals of peace and harmony in the world